In Pereira origins (Risaralda capital) representations of race, nobleman and citizenship were built with the aim of promoting the transformation of a city that undertook major material works in pursuit of modernization. Based on these three representations, the author thinks about Pereira city origins and material changes regarding the caudillismo (doctrine of government by one strong leader) and societies of thought (sociétés de pensée) or sociabilities based on Bastian and Chevalier, but mainly focused in the role played by the so-called “Pereira citizenship”, seen as an important association variable that caused the city's progress in the early 20th century.

This article shows —from the analysis of compiled electoral standards in national encoding— the role played by the Colombian electoral legislation on the elections during the first half of the 19th century. The main interest focuses on the description and analysis of the requirements to be an elector, the development of the local elections, the violations to the rules and the role of judges during these elections. Our hypothesis is that standards were building to the extent that electoral practices made it necessary to its regulation.

The control of the armed forces in Colombia faced difficulties originated in different political positions that marked the national history and entailed to serious questions about the process of formation of the modern State, which includes the monopoly of the armed force as one of the main elements that consolidate this modern state. Between 1863 and 1885, the standing army was in fact reduced to the National Guard, and in each of the sovereign States, reduced to militias. This article presents a case and analyzes the organization and composition of the armed forces, aimed at rebuilding the conformation, the establishment and operation of the military institution in the Estado Soberano de Magdalena (Sovereign State of Magdalena) of the Estados Unidos de Colombia (United States of Colombia).

The aim of this article is to rethink the choleraic episodes that took place in Buenos Aires (Argentina) between late 19th century and last years of the 20th century. The author takes into account the particularities of the Buenos Aires health infrastructure, which was deployed between the seventies (19th century) after the first epidemic, and the period of the nineties (20th centuary). She explains the reasons why cholera spread differently to what is evident in other cities in the interior of the country like Córdoba, Salta, among others; in such a way that it deals an aspect that has been little taken into account until now by historians, such as differences between epidemics of "focus" and the "extended". Understanding, that in a century and another, the lack of infrastructure were causes of the cholera, and that there was a tendency to hide the true state of this situation.

Reseña de libro: Obispos, clérigos y fieles en pie de guerra. Antioquia, 1870-1880 de Ortiz Mesa, Luis Javier. 2010.Medellín: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia.ISBN: 978-958-714-360-7

The objective of the article is to elaborate a state of the question about business historiography in the Valle del Cauca (Colombia). To achieve this goal the quantitative status of this sectorial historiography will be elucidated, attending seven categories: types of publication, publication periods, thematic, spaces, historical periods, authors and disciplines. Similarly, a qualitative State is presented where the problems, assumptions, and empirical evidence developed by the investigations in its study of regional entrepreneurship are analyzed. Through this analysis, it is identified the way business historiography on the region deals with, explains, and reconstructs the business history for the period 1950-2007. The supported idea is that despite the undeniable progress in the conformation of a field of business historiography in the core of the historiographical studies on the region, it still remains many issues, problems and periods where investigations are little, insufficient or they simply do not exist.

This article analyses family composition from Fredonia (Antioquia) population between 1830 and 1851. The author describes the population based on factors such as age, gender, relationship and marital status. The article uses as information sources, censuses carried out in accordance with the New Granada Constitutional Congress regulations during the course of the 19th century

This article aims to make a social analysis on the formation of the Army in the Sovereign State of Boyacá. On the basis of a political interpretation of the radical liberalism, the limits of this proposal for marking criterion anti-military civil were questioned, but the exercise of force to defend its project was devoted, and therefore had to create troops, battalions, armies to go to war. Practices in which the limits of radical liberalism became evident to use forms of recruitment contrary to its civilizing discourse of citizenship training. It makes visible the figure of the “boyacense” soldier as main component of National Guard troops, which was recruited in exercise of the ethnic, regional and social discrimination, an essential figure in the understanding of the definition partisan wars and building of the Colombian national state.

The author offers his understanding of how the lack of economic resources and the quarrelling between extreme liberals and conservatives originated an instability political climate where between 1857-1886 the local elites from the Sovereign State of Bolívar were involved. This situation makes that citizens’ security is not in charge of the State but in individuals or families with bosses and chiefs whose authority was assumed as State functions in areas where the State had little or no presence. From journalism sources and official documents, the author reports events and situations that show the unstable government and political climate, that leads the approval of a bill about police and formation of night watchmen bodies with residents, civil servants and local dealers participation. The free trade of arms established in 1863 led to local elites to actively participate in its trade and offering in times of armed insurgencies in favor or against the State until 1886.

The author understands the road construction and agricultural and commercial exploration role in the southwestern of the current Department of Cundinamarca in the second half of the 19th century. In this period, it is interesting about the way the Republican civilization ideals led to an irrational logging of primary forest and the introduction of new grass species. These two agents of change were at the service of rates the 19th century elite imposed on the local economy, land ownership, social control and agricultural and livestock export model projects.

El autor presenta las siguientes novedades bibliograficas.Víctor Zuluaga Gómez. 2010. El Camino del Quindío y las guerras civiles. Cartago, Boquía, Salento, Ibagué Pereira: Gráficas Buda Ltda. ISBN: 978-958-44-6746-1Ramírez Casas, Orlando. 2009. Buenos Aires: portón de Medellín. Medellín: Silaba. ISBN: 978-958-99174-0-4

This paper examines and describes the reactions which took the Centre of history of Santander (CHS) after the start of the conflict with Peru in 1932. In the first part of the paper, the so-called war with Peru (1932-1933) is described succinctly to place the reader on the events which generated the mobilization of a group of men of letters in Bucaramanga (Colombia) in the symbolic defense of their homeland. The second part seeks to show how a cultural entity dedicated to the creation of the regional past as it was the CHS, developed a series of events, activities and publications that reflect a political use of the national past. With this, its members met the missionary aim of defending the territorial integrity of Colombia and disseminate patriotic sentiment in the society of Santander.

Automobiles, cars, trucks and trains appeared in Medellín, Colombia, during the first decades of the 20th century, and affected the routines of the inhabitants who had the need to use them, thus transforming the dynamics of the city. In this process, men and women were involved in unfortunate circumstances in which these machines were the means through which people were run over. Since this act was qualified as a committed crime, it was necessary to enforce the laws and even generate legal strategies for consistently attempt these disputes. The aim of this article is to describe the ways how traffic accidents occurred in the stated context, and at the same time, relate this kind of facts with the existing legislation in that time, and the way as it was applied by the authorities when generating a verdict on the guilt of murder of a driver. For its preparation five summaries were considered by murder of the Archivo Historico Judicial de Medellín, the information of the Archivo Histórico de Medellín, and the Collection Heritage Documentary of the Unviersidad de Antioquia, articles from the local press, legislation and statistical data of that time.

The author offers his understanding about the social and cultural implications of so-called Greco-Latin or Grecoquimbayismo as an artistic and political expression, that for convenience and may be ignorance of some of its interprets, it is usually restricted only within the Gran Caldas and in particular to a writers and intellectuals group from Manizales, among them Aquilino and Silvio Villegas, Guillermo Alzate Avendaño and Fernando Londoño. The purpose is to discuss about Grecoquimbaya or Greco-Latin, that beyond the ironic sense that both terms imply - used by influential writers from the Capital, members of the Barranquilla Group and Nadaism followers - , touches a pattern of Colombian culture and makes visible the literary traditions complexity in which take place the different artistic expressions from Miguel Antonio Caro, José Asunción Silva, Guillermo Valencia, José Eustasio Rivera and Leon de Greiff.

A la mejor manera de las historias locales y regionales modernas, que enfatizan su elaboración bajo la atmosfera ideológica de la construcción republicana, los autores —Antonio José Rivadeneira Vargas y Carlos Helver Barrera Martínez— ofrecen una ilustración de los orígenes del pueblo de Tuta (Boyacá, Colombia) hasta los comienzos del siglo XXI. Para ello, dividen el libro en dos secciones complementarias que resaltan aspectos varios como la geomorfología del territorio, los procesos de emplazamiento de la población y sus alrededores, la conformación histórica de la agricultura y la agroindustria, los procesos de transformación social y cultural de los vecinos, los cambios políticos vividos en la localidad, y la intervención regional boyacense en los asuntos del municipio.

By implement the proposal of research tool —made up by 20 categories— in the media of printed communication, it is possible to identify several aspects like spatial and temporal journalistic photos of major national and international events made by the reporters, informative images with historical content that reflect the technical and cultural representation of the worker of the lens, as well as the editorial criteria and ideology of the written press of the time.several aspects can be identified with this proposal such as the credibility or not to the page, size, section, the journalistic genre, geographical site (district, city and country) and the character or identifiable characters, the characteristics of the shot, as well as the title or caption assigned. Documentary sets with indicative value, which by its repetitive character and its common traits allow homogenize information.

This essay shows the use of exempla in Pácora (Caldas) around the Devil’s role during the first decades of the 20th century. The author takes into account the oral tradition and holds interviews for offering his own understanding about Devil’s apparitions and beliefs within a religious and secular community context. The interpretation helps to understand this phenomenon under the Catholic Church impact and influence, within an isolated and closed community context, and that is part of the inhabitants’ everyday life and imaginary.

This article explains the development of academic instruction in the arts and crafts in Mexico during the nineteenth century. Thus, we seek to demonstrate that schools of arts and crafts were blamed for the training of future workers and citizens industrious. However, such plans around schools had limited success in their task. This last argument will be seen through the example of Jalisco. As will be difficulties he went through the “Escuela de Artes y Oficios de Jalisco”. To demonstrate this situation, resort to primary sources: letters of application and departure of students on campus, as well as written statements from school officials and government. Thus, it will display the main actors in this plot: the state guard and subjects destined to become good men

This study is an effort of the historical context to the findings of the remains of the “tajamar” (defenses of river) of Santiago for the archaeological research realized by the works of construction of the urban railroad of this city. This study leaves to the overdraft the permanent effort that the population realized for defending his city of the climatic risks of flood during the colonial centuries.

Editorial

HiSTOReLo ofrece en este número una serie de artículos que podemos categorizar en Estados, Regiones y Ciudades. En el primer segmento se presentan cinco artículos con los que Monsalvo Mendoza, Camargo Rodríguez y Dotor Robayo manifiestan su comprensión sobre dos aspectos: la experiencia electoral y su regulación legislativa en la Nueva Granada durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, y las experiencias militares y su conformación durante el proyecto federal radical a partir de los casos del Estado Soberano del Magdalena y el Estado Soberano de Boyacá en la segunda mitad del mismo siglo. Militares y élites políticas son también de interés para Rojas Galván, durante la conformación regional de la Nueva Galicia en Nueva España en el periodo colonial mexicano. En el mismo caso, pero retomando el marco decimonónico, González Villalobos ofrece su comprensión acerca de las experiencias educacionales con la implementación de las escuelas de artes y oficios en el caso jalisciense.

The purpose of this article is to study the interventions made by the company of public improvements in Medellin and the Municipal Administration of Medellin in the Medellín river, the efforts to design the canalization works and roads, and the difficulties to execute them. The author analyzes the role of these institutions in the management of natural resources and territory, and how this had an effect on the landscape change achieved on the premise of development and progress, but without taking care of the detriment and disturbance of natural resources. The author also interprets how the river became the source for urban development and for the component of an accessible public service (sewer of the city), in contrast with the idea of entertainment and "decoration of the landscape" that people had of the River in the mid-20th century.

The article analyzes the relationship between the political and military elites in Nueva Galicia (Mexico) during the 1530-1792. The conquest process allowed the development of mechanisms for access and consolidation of elite groups in the main ports, mining and urban centers of the neogallega region. This research takes as regards the prospects for social and regional history insofar as they seek to make evident the transformations of a territory with regard to the conditions of the society. Documentary sources come from the General Archive of Indias, Spain, of the General Archive of Simancas, Spain, and from the General Archive of the Nation, Mexico. The results of this research reflect the most important structured factors of the Neogallega region, in which it is important to emphasize the particular interests of the different elite groups that coexisted in different times and spaces of the Nueva Galicia, where the territory and its resources were exploited to settle its power by persuasion or by force.

In this article I study the problem about the port area importance and its impacts on social and cultural arrangement of maritime and river cities. My idea is focused on small areas located in the historic centers that hold port activities and labors that ruled the whole life of these populations. These areas were vital but due to new activities, urban and population growth in the first half of the 20th century, they were taken to the cities’ outskirts and were isolated from other urban areas and activities that had been with for several centuries.The main argument of this paper says that in comparison to Mediterranean cities that were organized around the main square, port cities had duality between the space for important people, civil and ecclesiastical authorities as a residence place, and because of that for social control. The port main square was built from down to up by its somehow multifunctionality. The port importance in urban life was because of the activities diversity it had, as it was a working, cultural exchange, and marketplace place, as well as entertainment and leisure site. This marked the society ports in a unique way as it defined different social, cultural, labor dynamics from Mediterranean cities.